10  Missing Data and Coded Missingness

10.1 When missing values carry meaning

10.2 Describing missingness with MissingSpec

10.3 Measuring how much is missing

10.3.1 The null rate with col_pct_null

10.3.2 The structured missing rate with col_pct_missing

10.4 Validating the coding

10.4.1 Requiring coded absence with col_missing_coded

10.4.2 Catching undocumented codes with col_missing_only_coded

10.4.3 Enforcing skip patterns with col_missing_consistent

10.5 Bringing it together

10.6 Summary