Are column data less than a fixed value or data in another column?

The col_vals_lt() validation function, the expect_col_vals_lt() expectation function, and the test_col_vals_lt() test function all check whether column values in a table are less than a specified value (the exact comparison used in this function is col_val < value). The value can be specified as a single, literal value or as a column name given in vars(). The validation function can be used directly on a data table or with an agent object (technically, a ptblank_agent object) whereas the expectation and test functions can only be used with a data table. The types of data tables that can be used include data frames, tibbles, database tables (tbl_dbi), and Spark DataFrames (tbl_spark). Each validation step or expectation will operate over the number of test units that is equal to the number of rows in the table (after any preconditions have been applied).

col_vals_lt(
  x,
  columns,
  value,
  na_pass = FALSE,
  preconditions = NULL,
  actions = NULL,
  step_id = NULL,
  label = NULL,
  brief = NULL,
  active = TRUE
)

expect_col_vals_lt(
  object,
  columns,
  value,
  na_pass = FALSE,
  preconditions = NULL,
  threshold = 1
)

test_col_vals_lt(
  object,
  columns,
  value,
  na_pass = FALSE,
  preconditions = NULL,
  threshold = 1
)

Arguments

x	A data frame, tibble (`tbl_df` or `tbl_dbi`), Spark DataFrame (`tbl_spark`), or, an agent object of class `ptblank_agent` that is created with `create_agent()`.
columns	The column (or a set of columns, provided as a character vector) to which this validation should be applied.
value	A value used for this comparison. This can be a single value or a compatible column given in `vars()`. Any column values less than what is specified here will pass validation.
na_pass	Should any encountered `NA` values be considered as passing test units? This is by default `FALSE`. Set to `TRUE` to give `NA`s a pass.
preconditions	An optional expression for mutating the input table before proceeding with the validation. This is ideally as a one-sided R formula using a leading `~`. In the formula representation, the `.` serves as the input data table to be transformed (e.g., `~ . %>% dplyr::mutate(col = col + 10)`.
actions	A list containing threshold levels so that the validation step can react accordingly when exceeding the set levels. This is to be created with the `action_levels()` helper function.
step_id	One or more optional identifiers for the single or multiple validation steps generated from calling a validation function. The use of step IDs serves to distinguish validation steps from each other and provide an opportunity for supplying a more meaningful label compared to the step index. By default this is `NULL`, and pointblank will automatically generate the step ID value (based on the step index) in this case. One or more values can be provided, and the exact number of ID values should (1) match the number of validation steps that the validation function call will produce (influenced by the number of `columns` provided), (2) be an ID string not used in any previous validation step, and (3) be a vector with unique values.
label	An optional label for the validation step. This label appears in the agent report and for the best appearance it should be kept short.
brief	An optional, text-based description for the validation step. If nothing is provided here then an autobrief is generated by the agent, using the language provided in `create_agent()`'s `lang` argument (which defaults to `"en"` or English). The autobrief incorporates details of the validation step so it's often the preferred option in most cases (where a `label` might be better suited to succinctly describe the validation).
active	A logical value indicating whether the validation step should be active. If the validation function is working with an agent, `FALSE` will make the validation step inactive (still reporting its presence and keeping indexes for the steps unchanged). If the validation function will be operating directly on data (no agent involvement), then any step with `active = FALSE` will simply pass the data through with no validation whatsoever. Aside from a logical vector, a one-sided R formula using a leading `~` can be used with `.` (serving as the input data table) to evaluate to a single logical value. With this approach, the pointblank function `has_columns()` can be used to determine whether to make a validation step active on the basis of one or more columns existing in the table (e.g., `~ . %>% has_columns(vars(d, e))`). The default for `active` is `TRUE`.
object	A data frame, tibble (`tbl_df` or `tbl_dbi`), or Spark DataFrame (`tbl_spark`) that serves as the target table for the expectation function or the test function.
threshold	A simple failure threshold value for use with the expectation (`expect_`) and the test (`test_`) function variants. By default, this is set to `1` meaning that any single unit of failure in data validation results in an overall test failure. Whole numbers beyond `1` indicate that any failing units up to that absolute threshold value will result in a succeeding testthat test or evaluate to `TRUE`. Likewise, fractional values (between `0` and `1`) act as a proportional failure threshold, where `0.15` means that 15 percent of failing test units results in an overall test failure.

Value

For the validation function, the return value is either a ptblank_agent object or a table object (depending on whether an agent object or a table was passed to x). The expectation function invisibly returns its input but, in the context of testing data, the function is called primarily for its potential side-effects (e.g., signaling failure). The test function returns a logical value.

Column Names

If providing multiple column names to columns, the result will be an expansion of validation steps to that number of column names (e.g., vars(col_a, col_b) will result in the entry of two validation steps). Aside from column names in quotes and in vars(), tidyselect helper functions are available for specifying columns. They are: starts_with(), ends_with(), contains(), matches(), and everything().

Missing Values

This validation function supports special handling of NA values. The na_pass argument will determine whether an NA value appearing in a test unit should be counted as a pass or a fail. The default of na_pass = FALSE means that any NAs encountered will accumulate failing test units.

Preconditions

Having table preconditions means pointblank will mutate the table just before interrogation. Such a table mutation is isolated in scope to the validation step(s) produced by the validation function call. Using dplyr code is suggested here since the statements can be translated to SQL if necessary. The code is most easily supplied as a one-sided R formula (using a leading ~). In the formula representation, the . serves as the input data table to be transformed (e.g., ~ . %>% dplyr::mutate(col_a = col_b + 10)). Alternatively, a function could instead be supplied (e.g., function(x) dplyr::mutate(x, col_a = col_b + 10)).

Actions

Often, we will want to specify actions for the validation. This argument, present in every validation function, takes a specially-crafted list object that is best produced by the action_levels() function. Read that function's documentation for the lowdown on how to create reactions to above-threshold failure levels in validation. The basic gist is that you'll want at least a single threshold level (specified as either the fraction of test units failed, or, an absolute value), often using the warn_at argument. This is especially true when x is a table object because, otherwise, nothing happens. For the col_vals_*()-type functions, using action_levels(warn_at = 0.25) or action_levels(stop_at = 0.25) are good choices depending on the situation (the first produces a warning when a quarter of the total test units fails, the other stop()s at the same threshold level).

Briefs

Want to describe this validation step in some detail? Keep in mind that this is only useful if x is an agent. If that's the case, brief the agent with some text that fits. Don't worry if you don't want to do it. The autobrief protocol is kicked in when brief = NULL and a simple brief will then be automatically generated.

YAML

A pointblank agent can be written to YAML with yaml_write() and the resulting YAML can be used to regenerate an agent (with yaml_read_agent()) or interrogate the target table (via yaml_agent_interrogate()). When col_vals_lt() is represented in YAML (under the top-level steps key as a list member), the syntax closely follows the signature of the validation function. Here is an example of how a complex call of col_vals_lt() as a validation step is expressed in R code and in the corresponding YAML representation.

# R statement
agent %>% 
  col_vals_lt(
    columns = vars(a),
    value = 1,
    na_pass = TRUE,
    preconditions = ~ . %>% dplyr::filter(a < 10),
    actions = action_levels(warn_at = 0.1, stop_at = 0.2),
    label = "The `col_vals_lt()` step.",
    active = FALSE
  )

# YAML representation
steps:
- col_vals_lt:
    columns: vars(a)
    value: 1.0
    na_pass: true
    preconditions: ~. %>% dplyr::filter(a < 10)
    actions:
      warn_fraction: 0.1
      stop_fraction: 0.2
    label: The `col_vals_lt()` step.
    active: false

In practice, both of these will often be shorter as only the columns and value arguments require values. Arguments with default values won't be written to YAML when using yaml_write() (though it is acceptable to include them with their default when generating the YAML by other means). It is also possible to preview the transformation of an agent to YAML without any writing to disk by using the yaml_agent_string() function.

Function ID

2-1

Examples

# For all of the examples here, we'll
# use a simple table with three numeric
# columns (`a`, `b`, and `c`) and three
# character columns (`d`, `e`, and `f`)
tbl <-
  dplyr::tibble(
      a = c(5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5),
      b = c(1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2),
      c = c(1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 4),
      d = LETTERS[a],
      e = LETTERS[b],
      f = LETTERS[c]
  )
  
tbl
#> # A tibble: 6 x 6
#>       a     b     c d     e     f    
#>   <dbl> <dbl> <dbl> <chr> <chr> <chr>
#> 1     5     1     1 E     A     A    
#> 2     5     1     1 E     A     A    
#> 3     5     1     1 E     A     A    
#> 4     5     2     2 E     B     B    
#> 5     5     2     3 E     B     C    
#> 6     5     2     4 E     B     D    

# A: Using an `agent` with validation
#    functions and then `interrogate()` 

# Validate that values in column `c`
# are all less than the value of `5`
agent <-
  create_agent(tbl) %>%
  col_vals_lt(vars(c), 5) %>%
  interrogate()

# Determine if this validation
# had no failing test units (there
# are 6 test units, one for each row)
all_passed(agent)
#> [1] TRUE

# Calling `agent` in the console
# prints the agent's report; but we
# can get a `gt_tbl` object directly
# with `get_agent_report(agent)`

# B: Using the validation function
#    directly on the data (no `agent`)

# This way of using validation functions
# acts as a data filter: data is passed
# through but should `stop()` if there
# is a single test unit failing; the
# behavior of side effects can be
# customized with the `actions` option
tbl %>% 
  col_vals_lt(vars(c), 5) %>%
  dplyr::pull(c)
#> [1] 1 1 1 2 3 4
  
# C: Using the expectation function

# With the `expect_*()` form, we would
# typically perform one validation at a
# time; this is primarily used in
# testthat tests
expect_col_vals_lt(tbl, vars(c), 5)

# D: Using the test function

# With the `test_*()` form, we should
# get a single logical value returned
# to us
test_col_vals_lt(tbl, vars(c), 5)
#> [1] TRUE